quinta-feira, 4 de junho de 2020

Top Process Related Commands In Linux Distributions


Commands in Linux are just the keys to explore and close the Linux. As you can do things manually by simple clicking over the programs just like windows to open an applications. But if you don't have any idea about commands of Linux and definitely you also don't know about the Linux terminal. You cannot explore Linux deeply. Because terminal is the brain of the Linux and you can do everything by using Linux terminal in any Linux distribution. So, if you wanna work over the Linux distro then you should know about the commands as well. In this blog you will exactly get the content about Linux processes commands which are are given below.

ps

The "ps" command is used in Linux to display your currently active processes over the Linux based system. It will give you all the detail of the processes which are active on the system.

ps aux|grep

The "ps aux|grep" command is used in Linux distributions to find all the process id of particular process like if you wanna know about all the process ids related to telnet process then you just have to type a simple command like "ps aux|grep 'telnet'". This command will give you the details about telnet processes.

pmap

The "pmap" command in Linux operating system will display the map of processes running over the memory in Linux based system.

top

The "top" command is used in Linux operating system to display all the running processes over the system's background. It will display all the processes with process id (pid) by which you can easily kill/end the process.

Kill pid

Basically the kill command is used to kill or end the process or processes by simply giving the process id to the kill command and it will end the process or processes. Just type kill and gave the particular process id or different process ids by putting the space in between all of them. kill 456 567 5673 etc.

killall proc

The "killall proc" is the command used in Linux operating system to kill all the processes named proc in the system. Killall command just require a parameter as name which is common in some of the processes in the system.

bg

The "bg" is the command used in Linux distributions to resume suspended jobs without bringing them to foreground.

fg

The "fg" command is used in Linux operating system to brings the most recent job to foreground. The fg command also requires parameters to do some actions like "fg n" n is as a parameter to fg command that brings job n to the foreground.

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sexta-feira, 22 de maio de 2020

Difference Between Hacker, Programmer, And Developer

                There are numerous sprite debates and discussions on the differences between hackers, developers, and programmers. With most descriptions, however, there is usually a slight flaw in at least one or two serious ways. These terms are all traditionally misused and misunderstood, with many of us frequently mixing them up as an all-encompassing definition of anyone working on the Software realm.


However, if you are looking to clarify your project goals and business needs adequately, it is essential that you understand that all these terms do not all represent the same thing (although a person with the ability to program a computer can use different skills to accomplish various outcomes).

What's more, it is also quite important for you to differentiate between these three terms if you are working with software development groups and the fact that they cannot be interchanged.  This excerpt seeks to break it all down for you mainly-the vital difference between hackers, developers, and programmers, their actual tasks, as well as their relationship.

The Hacker

A hacker is a computer expert who uses his knowledge of computer networking, programming, cryptography, and databases to overcome a problem in the system. Hackers are more concerned with availing the concept as opposed to minding about the long-term quality. And although a hacker can conceptualize about how will ultimately be created while frantically writing code, the role is primarily about speed.

A hacker, as well as hacking,' are most useful in dealing with emergency circumstances or when prototyping an item. Hackers and the profession of hacking, in general, is not concerned with the ultimate effect of the code.

Hackers make things. They typically alter the things programmers create and transform them to function differently as well as also writing codes. While "hacker" can refer to any skilled technical person, the term has become associated with computer security, someone who, with their technical knowledge, uses bugs or exploits to break into computer systems.

The Programmer

A programmer is an individual equipped with the expertise to write codes. Programmers usually master in a single or multiple programming languages and boast vast knowledge on related areas also. Their roles are relatively procedural and mandate for total concentration not to mention refined skills.

A programmer is solely focused both in writing codes as well as getting features appropriately performed so that these features are accessible for integration and later use. Programming is merely the process of swinging the hammer and adequately creating the software.

Usually, it is easy to identify that an individual is in programming mode since they often have a concentrated gaze and are deep in the zone.' Programmers are normally internalizing the system they are operating as well as editing and writing pieces of something that can only best be described as a long algebra problem.'

The Developer

Developers are typically creators. However, not anyone that is an expert at writing codes can be a developer. Developers are experts at identifying ways around various problems as well as plugging together components to fulfill some requirements. These professionals solve problems or create things by adhering to a specific set of principles (design and implementation).

This set of principles includes attributes such as maintainability, performance, robustness, security, and scale among others. They solve problems in a systematic manner. Ideally, this is what distinguishes programmers, developers, and hackers.

In A Nutshell:

In all simplicity, these three professionals solve various problems using code. A programmer is an encompassing term that means a problem solver, a developer is a trained programmer (formal) who besides resolving issues achieves it in an organized and methodical manner likely instilled in the course of their formal education, and a hacker is a tinkerer/creator.

Despite their differences in individual meaning and professional capacities, these terms, however, can interrelate with each other quite effectively. In fact, it is possible for you to combine the skills to your benefit. In reality, all developers and hackers are programmers. However, despite their expertise, not many developers and programmers are creative enough to warrant an identity as hackers.

Finally, although hackers and programmers are quite impressive, they are however not experienced or educated enough to warrant consideration as developers. The similarity, however, is that all work to create code, each in their specified manner.

Ideally, anyone would work to be all the above-as creative as a hacker, though, somewhat better experienced and formally trained to design software as opposed to only hacking.

Nonetheless, even if you lack the creativity, experience, or education, or either to necessarily create a broad application, it is still worth noting that you are still ideally a programmer. And in case you did not know, solving a problem through code is by itself, a superpower!


@£√£RYTHING NT

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How Do I Get Started With Bug Bounty ?

How do I get started with bug bounty hunting? How do I improve my skills?



These are some simple steps that every bug bounty hunter can use to get started and improve their skills:

Learn to make it; then break it!
A major chunk of the hacker's mindset consists of wanting to learn more. In order to really exploit issues and discover further potential vulnerabilities, hackers are encouraged to learn to build what they are targeting. By doing this, there is a greater likelihood that hacker will understand the component being targeted and where most issues appear. For example, when people ask me how to take over a sub-domain, I make sure they understand the Domain Name System (DNS) first and let them set up their own website to play around attempting to "claim" that domain.

Read books. Lots of books.
One way to get better is by reading fellow hunters' and hackers' write-ups. Follow /r/netsec and Twitter for fantastic write-ups ranging from a variety of security-related topics that will not only motivate you but help you improve. For a list of good books to read, please refer to "What books should I read?".

Join discussions and ask questions.
As you may be aware, the information security community is full of interesting discussions ranging from breaches to surveillance, and further. The bug bounty community consists of hunters, security analysts, and platform staff helping one and another get better at what they do. There are two very popular bug bounty forums: Bug Bounty Forum and Bug Bounty World.

Participate in open source projects; learn to code.
Go to https://github.com/explore or https://gitlab.com/explore/projects and pick a project to contribute to. By doing so you will improve your general coding and communication skills. On top of that, read https://learnpythonthehardway.org/ and https://linuxjourney.com/.

Help others. If you can teach it, you have mastered it.
Once you discover something new and believe others would benefit from learning about your discovery, publish a write-up about it. Not only will you help others, you will learn to really master the topic because you can actually explain it properly.

Smile when you get feedback and use it to your advantage.
The bug bounty community is full of people wanting to help others so do not be surprised if someone gives you some constructive feedback about your work. Learn from your mistakes and in doing so use it to your advantage. I have a little physical notebook where I keep track of the little things that I learnt during the day and the feedback that people gave me.


Learn to approach a target.
The first step when approaching a target is always going to be reconnaissance — preliminary gathering of information about the target. If the target is a web application, start by browsing around like a normal user and get to know the website's purpose. Then you can start enumerating endpoints such as sub-domains, ports and web paths.

A woodsman was once asked, "What would you do if you had just five minutes to chop down a tree?" He answered, "I would spend the first two and a half minutes sharpening my axe."
As you progress, you will start to notice patterns and find yourself refining your hunting methodology. You will probably also start automating a lot of the repetitive tasks.

Related news

How To Start | How To Become An Ethical Hacker

Are you tired of reading endless news stories about ethical hacking and not really knowing what that means? Let's change that!
This Post is for the people that:

  • Have No Experience With Cybersecurity (Ethical Hacking)
  • Have Limited Experience.
  • Those That Just Can't Get A Break


OK, let's dive into the post and suggest some ways that you can get ahead in Cybersecurity.
I receive many messages on how to become a hacker. "I'm a beginner in hacking, how should I start?" or "I want to be able to hack my friend's Facebook account" are some of the more frequent queries. Hacking is a skill. And you must remember that if you want to learn hacking solely for the fun of hacking into your friend's Facebook account or email, things will not work out for you. You should decide to learn hacking because of your fascination for technology and your desire to be an expert in computer systems. Its time to change the color of your hat 😀

 I've had my good share of Hats. Black, white or sometimes a blackish shade of grey. The darker it gets, the more fun you have.

If you have no experience don't worry. We ALL had to start somewhere, and we ALL needed help to get where we are today. No one is an island and no one is born with all the necessary skills. Period.OK, so you have zero experience and limited skills…my advice in this instance is that you teach yourself some absolute fundamentals.
Let's get this party started.
  •  What is hacking?
Hacking is identifying weakness and vulnerabilities of some system and gaining access with it.
Hacker gets unauthorized access by targeting system while ethical hacker have an official permission in a lawful and legitimate manner to assess the security posture of a target system(s)

 There's some types of hackers, a bit of "terminology".
White hat — ethical hacker.
Black hat — classical hacker, get unauthorized access.
Grey hat — person who gets unauthorized access but reveals the weaknesses to the company.
Script kiddie — person with no technical skills just used pre-made tools.
Hacktivist — person who hacks for some idea and leaves some messages. For example strike against copyright.
  •  Skills required to become ethical hacker.
  1. Curosity anf exploration
  2. Operating System
  3. Fundamentals of Networking
*Note this sites





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quinta-feira, 21 de maio de 2020

APT Calypso RAT, Flying Dutchman Samples



Reference


 Attackers exploit Windows SMB vulnerability CVE-2017-0143 or use stolen credentials to gain access, deploy the custom Calypso RAT and use it to upload other tools such as Mimikatz, EternalBlue and EternalRomance. They move laterally and steal data.




Download

             Other malware




Hashes




MD5SHA256SHA1FilenameFile TyeeStage
aa1cf5791a60d56f7ae6da9bb1e7f01ed5afa3bfd423ba060207ad025467feaa56ac53d13616ac8782a7f63c9fc0fdb4bdd8b9115d1ae536d0ea1e62052485e5ad10761fMPSSVC.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Payload
1e765fed294a7ad082169819c95d2c85f6a09372156a8aef96576627a1ed9e57f194b008bb77e32ca29ac89505f933f060dda7ccd9ae00701046923b619a1b9c33c8e2acWscntfy.exepe exeCalypso RAT Dropper
17e05041730dcd0732e5b296db16d757b6c21c26aef75ad709f6c9cfa84bfa15b7ee709588382ce4bc3544a04bceb661f3301405d8ad5b160747241d6b2a8d88bf6292e8pe exeCalypso RAT Dropper
1ed72c14c4aab3b66e830e16ef90b37beebff21def49af4e85c26523af2ad659125a07a09db50ac06bd3746483c89f9ddc0d0a34f107d140d9e47582e17a7fec945403eacoal.exepe exeCalypso RAT Dropper
e24a62d9826869bc4817366800a8805cc407c3dde18c9b56ed24492ca257d77a570616074356b8c7854a080823f7ee1753791c9e7c41931a6becb999fee4eb7daf9b1a11data01.binpe dllCalypso RAT Dropper
c9c39045fa14e94618dd631044053824ab39301d45045172ad41c9a89210fdc6f0d3f9dccb567fd733b0dbffbfcfbcc31cda28bc307c09508dbb1f3495a967bbcc29326epe exeCalypso RAT Dropper
69322703b8ef9d490a20033684c28493e6a3b43acdaa824f3280095b10798ea341839f7d43f0460df8989f13c98fa6e0f203680d97705d99f92fe9797691be6177f5fd41RasCon.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Dropper
85ce60b365edf4beebbdd85cc971e84d5dfdee5dd680948d19ab4d16df534cf10aca5fa0b157c59659d6517fe897c62fd9c14f7b6de8e26ae33e41a72ae8e35bb1af4434pe exeCalypso RAT Dropper
6347e42f49a86aff2dea7c8bf455a52a281583aca23f8fd8745dd88a600cbfc578d819859a13957ec022b86c3c1c99f48b2a81af85590e0e36efc1c05aa4f0600ea21545HIDMgr.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Dropper
cb914fc73c67b325f948dd1bf97f57330031c7b63c1e1cd36d55f585d97e2b21a13a19858d5a1aa5455e5cc64b41e6e937ce4d0a3168e3b2f80b3fae38082e68a454aee0pe exeCalypso RAT Dropper
c84df4b2cd0d3e7729210f15112da7ac4e8351ddaff18f7df6fcc27a3c75598e0c56d3b406818d45effb4e78616092c241a0c5a1aad36f405c8755613c732591e3300f97mscorsvw.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Dropper
5199ef9d086c97732d97eddef56591ec511683c8ee62478c2b45be1f782ce678bbe03c4349a1778651414803010b3ee9d19a786adc09dff84642f2c2e0386193fa2a914bdnscache.dllpe dllFlyingDutchman
06c1d7bf234ce99bb14639c194b3b318a9a82099aa812d0c4025bee2b34f3b34c1d102773e36f1d50648815913dbe03d464ab9e11d371bf24de46c98c295d4afe7e957c1fromResource.exepedllFlyingDutchman
617d588eccd942f243ffa8cb13679d9c0664b09a86ec2df7dfe01a93e184a1fa23df66ea82cab39000944e418ec1f7b21b043fdcb582ed13cbf7dabcef6527762b5be93cpe dllHussar
2807236c2d905a0675878e530ed8b1f8314e438198f8cc2ee393c75f8e9f2ebd2b5133fd6f2b7deb1178f82782fc63302f6fe857632a67e87f4f3631bfa93713ccdf168aAeLookupMgr.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Payload
cce8c8ee42feaed68e9623185c3f7fe438cc404437b936660066b71cc87a28af1995248d6d4c471706eb1dd347129b4b9d2235c911b86bb6ad55d953a2f56ea78c5478e5AppCert.dll.crtCalypso RAT Payload
e1a578a069b1910a25c95e2d9450c710413622ded5d344a5a78de4fea22cfdabdeb4cdccf69e9a1f58f668096c32473836087a5b0809dc3f9dc5a77355a88e99af491a88RasCfgMan.dll.crtCalypso RAT Payload
0d532484193b8b098d7eb14319cefcd3f8043d6bfc3e63d8561f7f74e65cb7ff1731577ecf6c7559795d9de21298f0fc31f4c6dc6ce78b4e0439b30c830dfd5d9a3fc4feRasCfgMan.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Payload
974298eb7e2adfa019cae4d1a927ab070461710e681fd6dc9f1c83b57f94a88cd6df9e6432174cbfdd70dfd24577a0f841bc37679ce3caeecc176d10b4f8259918e25807VirtualUMP.dll.crtCalypso RAT Payload
05f472a9d926f4c8a0a372e1a71939988017923cd8169bf951106f053408b425f1eb310a9421685638ead55bb3823db38d909bd3450ebe0cffd0cb17b91bc28d23ef5083EFSProvider.dll.crtCalypso RAT Payload
d1a1166bec950c75b65fdc7361dcdc63f3f38c097b0cc5337b7d2dbec098bf6d0a3bb4a3e0336e7b1c8af75268a0a49d5731350f68a74fb4762c4ea878ecff635588a825RasCon.dllpe dll 64bits assemblyCalypso RAT Payload
e3e61f30f8a39cd7aa25149d0f8af5efc4dc7519bccc24c53794bf9178e4a4d0823875c34479d01cedbb3e9b10f5c7301b75ea494c3ac171c5177bdcc263b89a3f24f207MPSSVC.dllpe dllCalypso RAT Payload

Related word


New DNS Vulnerability Lets Attackers Launch Large-Scale DDoS Attacks

Israeli cybersecurity researchers have disclosed details about a new flaw impacting DNS protocol that can be exploited to launch amplified, large-scale distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks to takedown targeted websites. Called NXNSAttack, the flaw hinges on the DNS delegation mechanism to force DNS resolvers to generate more DNS queries to authoritative servers of attacker's choice,

via The Hacker News

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Removing Windows OS Passwords With CHNTPW On Kali Linux



After Some Requests, I made this tutorial on How to Remove Windows Passwords
So First of all lets' see which tool we are going to use

[UPDATE] If you are having any kinda problem with this method on windows 8/8.1 then try this method
If you want to recover Windows 8/8.1 passwords instead of removing them see this tutorial
Tool Name:- chntpw
Tool Description: Obviously its' going to be what the man page of tool says: "chntpw is a utility to view some information and change user passwords in a Windows NT/2000 SAM userdatabase file,  usually  located  at  \WINDOWS\system32\config\SAM on the  Windows file system. It is not necessary to know the old passwords to reset them.  In addition it contains a simple registry editor  (same  size  data writes) and hex-editor with which the information contained in a registry file can be browsed and modified."

Attack Requirements:
1. Physical Access to victims Computer.
2. A live bootable pendrive of Kali Linux.

    (Download Kali Linux)

So Lets' get started:
Step 1: Mounting the drive containing Windows OS-> This one is easy ain't it? Well so that you might not have forgotten how to do it, I'll type the syntax:
ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/win
Note that 'sda1' in above command is the partition on which Windows OS is installed yours can be different. To check yours simply type fdisk -l which will list your all partitions and then check by yourself on which partition your Windows OS is installed. If you can't get it this way then don't worry I'm still here well then you can try doing it in 'GUI' way. Click on Applications > Accessories > Disk Utility then select victims' hard disk and see on which partition Windows OS is installed. If Windows Partition is installed on any other partition then replace 'sda1' in the above command with that which you found e,g 'sda2''. Also note that if there is no such directory as 'win' (mentioned in above command) in your /media folder then you must create one which is simple just type mkdir /media/win this command will make win folder in media folder on which you'll mount victim's Windows OS (It is not necessary that it's name be 'win' you can use any name).
Step 2: OK after successfully mounting Victim's Windows OS now you need to move there but wait not only there instead very much deep in there. You need to move to config folder which is located in System32 folder (Note that it is Capital 'S' in windows 7 & 8). You can move there using this command:-
cd /media/win/Windows/System32/config/ (On Windows 7 & 8)
or
cd /media/win/WINDOWS/system32/config/ (On Windows XP and those before it)
Step 3: Now is the most tough part of game (only if tough means easy :) ). Now as when you are inside the config directory type the following command to see the list of users available on Victim's Machine:
chntpw -l SAM (remember it is ell not 1)

note the name of user whose password you want to clear.
Step 4: Oh man our happy journey is coming to an end now. Follow the upcoming steps to blast Victim's Windows OS password:
type the command:
chntpw -u <username> SAM

Note: <username> here is the name of user you noted in the above step.
it will display different options before you.
type 1 and hit enter
type y and hit enter


Voola you busted Victim's password now turn off Kali and Open Victim's Windows OS without knowing His/Her Password. Bad Bad Bad...

For More Info on chntpw type this in your terminal:
man chntpw
This will display Manual Page of chntpw...

Happy Cracking... :)
Don't forget to read the Disclaimer

More info


quarta-feira, 20 de maio de 2020

BeEF: Browser Exploitation Framework


"BeEF is the browser exploitation framework. A professional tool to demonstrate the real-time impact of XSS browser vulnerabilities. Development has focused on creating a modular structure making new module development a trivial process with the intelligence residing within BeEF. Current modules include the first public Inter-protocol Exploit, a traditional browser overflow exploit, port scanning, keylogging, clipboard theft and more." read more...


Website: http://www.bindshell.net/tools/beef


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How To Crack A Password

What is Password Cracking?

Password cracking is the process of attempting to gain Unauthorized access to restricted systems using common passwords or algorithms that guess passwords. In other words, it's an art of obtaining the correct password that gives access to a system protected by an authentication method.

Password cracking employs a number of techniques to achieve its goals. The cracking process can involve either comparing stored passwords against word list or use algorithms to generate passwords that match

How to crack password of an Application

In this Tutorial, we will introduce you to the common password cracking techniques and the countermeasures you can implement to protect systems against such attacks.

Topics covered in this tutorial

What is password strength?

Password strength is the measure of a password's efficiency to resist password cracking attacks. The strength of a password is determined by;

  • Length: the number of characters the password contains.
  • Complexity: does it use a combination of letters, numbers, and symbol?
  • Unpredictability: is it something that can be guessed easily by an attacker?

Let's now look at a practical example. We will use three passwords namely

1.  password

2.  password1

3.  #password1$

 For this example, we will use the password strength indicator of Cpanel when creating passwords. The images below show the password strengths of each of the above-listed passwords.

How to crack password of an Application

Note: the password used is password the strength is 1, and it's very weak.

How to crack password of an Application

Note: the password used is password1 the strength is 28, and it's still weak.

How to crack password of an Application

Note: The password used is #password1$ the strength is 60 and it's strong.

The higher the strength number, better the password.

Let's suppose that we have to store our above passwords using md5 encryption. We will use an online md5 hash generator to convert our passwords into md5 hashes.

 The table below shows the password hashes

PasswordMD5 HashCpanel Strength Indicator
password5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf991
password17c6a180b36896a0a8c02787eeafb0e4c28
#password1$29e08fb7103c327d68327f23d8d9256c60


 We will now use http://www.md5this.com/ to crack the above hashes. The images below show the password cracking results for the above passwords.

How to crack password of an Application

How to crack password of an Application

How to crack password of an Application

As you can see from the above results, we managed to crack the first and second passwords that had lower strength numbers. We didn't manage to crack the third password which was longer, complex and unpredictable. It had a higher strength number.

Password cracking techniques

There are a number of techniques that can be used to crack passwords. We will describe the most commonly used ones below;

  • Dictionary attack– This method involves the use of a wordlist to compare against user passwords.
  • Brute force attack– This method is similar to the dictionary attack. Brute force attacks use algorithms that combine alpha-numeric characters and symbols to come up with passwords for the attack. For example, a password of the value "password" can also be tried as p@$$word using the brute force attack.
  • Rainbow table attack– This method uses pre-computed hashes. Let's assume that we have a database which stores passwords as md5 hashes. We can create another database that has md5 hashes of commonly used passwords. We can then compare the password hash we have against the stored hashes in the database. If a match is found, then we have the password.
  • Guess– As the name suggests, this method involves guessing. Passwords such as qwerty, password, admin, etc. are commonly used or set as default passwords. If they have not been changed or if the user is careless when selecting passwords, then they can be easily compromised.
  • Spidering– Most organizations use passwords that contain company information. This information can be found on company websites, social media such as facebook, twitter, etc. Spidering gathers information from these sources to come up with word lists. The word list is then used to perform dictionary and brute force attacks.

Spidering sample dictionary attack wordlist

1976 <founder birth year>

smith jones <founder name>

acme <company name/initials>

built|to|last <words in company vision/mission>

golfing|chess|soccer <founders hobbies

Password cracking tool

These are software programs that are used to crack user passwords. We already looked at a similar tool in the above example on password strengths. The website www.md5this.com uses a rainbow table to crack passwords. We will now look at some of the commonly used tools

John the Ripper

John the Ripper uses the command prompt to crack passwords. This makes it suitable for advanced users who are comfortable working with commands. It uses to wordlist to crack passwords. The program is free, but the word list has to be bought. It has free alternative word lists that you can use. Visit the product website http://www.openwall.com/john/ for more information and how to use it.

Cain & Abel

Cain & Abel runs on windows. It is used to recover passwords for user accounts, recovery of Microsoft Access passwords; networking sniffing, etc. Unlike John the Ripper, Cain & Abel uses a graphic user interface. It is very common among newbies and script kiddies because of its simplicity of use. Visit the product website http://www.softpedia.com/get/Security/Decrypting-Decoding/Cain-and-Abel.shtml for more information and how to use it.

Ophcrack

Ophcrack is a cross-platform Windows password cracker that uses rainbow tables to crack passwords. It runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS. It also has a module for brute force attacks among other features. Visit the product website http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net/  for more information and how to use it.

Password Cracking Counter Measures

  • An organization can use the following methods to reduce the chances of the passwords been cracked
  • Avoid short and easily predicable passwords
  • Avoid using passwords with predictable patterns such as 11552266.
  • Passwords stored in the database must always be encrypted. For md5 encryptions, its better to salt the password hashes before storing them. Salting involves adding some word to the provided password before creating the hash.
  • Most registration systems have password strength indicators, organizations must adopt policies that favor high password strength numbers.

Hacking Activity: Hack Now!

In this practical scenario, we are going to crack Windows account with a simple password. Windows uses NTLM hashes to encrypt passwords. We will use the NTLM cracker tool in Cain and Abel to do that.

Cain and Abel cracker can be used to crack passwords using;

  • Dictionary attack
  • Brute force
  • Cryptanalysis

We will use the dictionary attack in this example. You will need to download the dictionary attack wordlist here 10k-Most-Common.zip

For this demonstration, we have created an account called Accounts with the password qwerty on Windows 7.

How to crack password of an Application

Password cracking steps

  • Open Cain and Abel, you will get the following main screen

How to crack password of an Application

  • Make sure the cracker tab is selected as shown above
  • Click on the Add button on the toolbar.

How to crack password of an Application

  • The following dialog window will appear

How to crack password of an Application

  • The local user accounts will be displayed as follows. Note the results shown will be of the user accounts on your local machine.

How to crack password of an Application

  • Right click on the account you want to crack. For this tutorial, we will use Accounts as the user account.

How to crack password of an Application

  • The following screen will appear

How to crack password of an Application

  • Right click on the dictionary section and select Add to list menu as shown above
  • Browse to the 10k most common.txt file that you just downloaded

How to crack password of an Application

  • Click on start button
  • If the user used a simple password like qwerty, then you should be able to get the following results.

How to crack password of an Application

  • Note: the time taken to crack the password depends on the password strength, complexity and processing power of your machine.
  • If the password is not cracked using a dictionary attack, you can try brute force or cryptanalysis attacks.

Summary

  • Password cracking is the art of recovering stored or transmitted passwords.
  • Password strength is determined by the length, complexity, and unpredictability of a password value.
  • Common password techniques include dictionary attacks, brute force, rainbow tables, spidering and cracking.
  • Password cracking tools simplify the process of cracking passwords.
@EVERYTHING NT
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terça-feira, 19 de maio de 2020

Pointers Part 1: The Basics



So you're eager to learn about pointers but unfortunately you got stuck because they seemed to you terrible in nature? That's not true I know, but many of the people get confused when they arrive at the topic of pointers. Well pointers are the most important tools in C programming and are the one that can make you fly (unless you don't know how to ride over them). In this article we're going to learn basics of pointers.
Pointers are the varaibles that store addresses of other variables. Easy ain't it?
So lets start with the decleration of a pointer, pointer is decreleared as:
data_type *var_name;
e,g
int *pt;
well the astrisk(*) before the variable name is the thing that makes variable a pointer. So far so good now what?
Now lets say we want to store address of a variable in our pointer variable that seems pretty complex..!
Let's do it:
int number = 100;
int *pt = &num;
Is it really complex..?
what we are doing here is that we are first declaring and initializing a integer variable (number) with value of 100 and then we declare and initialize a pointer variable (pt) with the address of number variable. Now pt (pointer variable) contains the address of number (integer varaible). So what? Now we can use this pointer variable to change the value of number variable. Is this some kind of Magic? Maybe. Lets' do it:
*pt = 200;
what we have done here is that we De-referencing the pt variable with the asterisk (*) and then assigned it the value of 200 now the number variable contains 200. Isn't it a magic? De-referencing is used for accessing the value of the variable towards which our pointer is pointing simple. So lets write a full program of what we have learned so far.
/*Pointer Basics: Creating and Using Pointers*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void){
  int number = 100;
  int *pt = &number;
  printf("Value of 'number' is: %d", number);
  printf("Address of 'number' is: %p", pt);
  *pt = 200;
  printf("New value of 'number' is: %d", number);
  return 0;
}
What this whole program did was it created a integer variable and a pointer to integer variable and then printed out the value and address of the 'number' variable and after that we De-referenced the pointer variable so that we can access the value to which our pointer variable is pointing and changed the old 100 value with new 200 value and at last we printed that out. Easy isn't it?
But do you know that you can get the address of a variable even by using ampersand (&) operator? Lemme show you how. I'll declare and initialize a variable 'var' and then print it to screen using ampersand (&) operator:
int var = 10;
printf("Address of 'var' is %p\n", &var);
the last statement here will print out the address of 'var' not value so that means it is equal to this statement:
int *pt = &var;
printf("Address of 'var' is %p\n", pt);
here we first assigned the address of 'var' to pointer variable 'pt' and then printed out the address of 'var' using the pointer variable (pt).
So lets write another program that will wrap up this part of 'Pointer Basics':
/*Pointer Basics Part 1: Program 2*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void){
   int var = 10;
   int *pt = &var;
   printf("The Value of 'var' is: %d\n", var);
   printf("De-referencing: *pt = %d\n", *pt);
   printf("Ampersand: The Address of 'var' is %p\n",  &var);
   printf("pt = %p\n", pt);
   return 0;
}
So that's the end of first part watch out for the next part in which we'll tighten our grip on pointers and get ready for some Advanced '*po(inter)-fo'.
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$$$ Bug Bounty $$$

What is Bug Bounty ?



A bug bounty program, also called a vulnerability rewards program (VRP), is a crowdsourcing initiative that rewards individuals for discovering and reporting software bugs. Bug bounty programs are often initiated to supplement internal code audits and penetration tests as part of an organization's vulnerability management strategy.




Many software vendors and websites run bug bounty programs, paying out cash rewards to software security researchers and white hat hackers who report software vulnerabilities that have the potential to be exploited. Bug reports must document enough information for for the organization offering the bounty to be able to reproduce the vulnerability. Typically, payment amounts are commensurate with the size of the organization, the difficulty in hacking the system and how much impact on users a bug might have.


Mozilla paid out a $3,000 flat rate bounty for bugs that fit its criteria, while Facebook has given out as much as $20,000 for a single bug report. Google paid Chrome operating system bug reporters a combined $700,000 in 2012 and Microsoft paid UK researcher James Forshaw $100,000 for an attack vulnerability in Windows 8.1.  In 2016, Apple announced rewards that max out at $200,000 for a flaw in the iOS secure boot firmware components and up to $50,000 for execution of arbitrary code with kernel privileges or unauthorized iCloud access.


While the use of ethical hackers to find bugs can be very effective, such programs can also be controversial. To limit potential risk, some organizations are offering closed bug bounty programs that require an invitation. Apple, for example, has limited bug bounty participation to few dozen researchers.
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John The Ripper


"A powerful, flexible, and fast multi-platform password hash cracker John the Ripper is a fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix (11 are officially supported, not counting different architectures), DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS. Its primary purpose is to detect weak Unix passwords. It supports several crypt(3) password hash types which are most commonly found on various Unix flavors, as well as Kerberos AFS and Windows NT/2000/XP LM hashes. Several other hash types are added with contributed patches. You will want to start with some wordlists, which you can find here or here. " read more...

Website: http://www.openwall.com/john

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